Author index for volume 219

Proteinase inhibitors I and II were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from leaves of tomato plants induced by either wounding intact plants or by supplying excised plants with the proteinase inhibitor inducing factor. Affinity chromatography with chymotrypsin-Sepharose was employed as a final purification step for each inhibitor. The tomato leaf inhibitors are very similar to potato tuber inhibitors I and II in subunit molecular weight, composition, and inhibitory activities against chymotrypsin, trypsin, and subtilisin. However, unlike the potato tuber which contains multiple isoinhibitors by isoelectric focusing, the tomato leaf exhibits only two isoinhibitor forms of inhibitor I and a single form of inhibitor II. The molecular weight of native potato inhibitor I was reevaluated by rigorous ultracentrifugal analysis and compared with data from previous analyses. The data confirm that native inhibitor I has a native M_r of about 41,000 and is a pentamer. Inhibitor II has a molecular weight of near 23,000 and is a dimer.     

Use of submandibular flap to close pharyngostomes and other defects of lower anterior neck region.

We describe the use of a suprahyoid flap for reconstruction in the lower anterior neck. It has been most useful for immediately closing pharyngostomes and for resurfacing defects from the excision of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx or other neoplasms involving the skin. This flap provides a good deal of viable tissue, it can easily be rotated without a delay procedure, and the donor area is closed by direct suture. We present our experience with 22 cases.     

Synthetic peptides including acidic clusters as substrates and inhibitors of rat liver casein kinase TS (type-2)

The hexapeptides AcSer-Glu-Glu-Glu-Val-Glu and Ser-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu, reminiscent of the sites phosphorylated by type-2 casein kinase TS in troponin T and glycogen synthase, respectively, have been synthesized and tested as phosphorylatable substrates for casein kinase TS as well as for other protein kinases. Both peptides are readily phosphorylated by casein kinase TS but not, to any detectable extent, by either cAMP-dependent protein kinase or phosphorylase kinase. Phosphorylation by type-1 casein kinase S was almost negligible. On the other hand the hexapeptide Ser-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Ala is phosphorylated much more slowly and the hexapeptide Ser-Glu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Ala is almost unaffected by casein kinase TS. While the Vmax values of casein kinase TS with the acidic hexapeptides are comparable to those obtained with the corresponding protein substrates, the apparent Km values for the peptides are about two orders of magnitude higher than those for the protein substrates. The heptapeptide Arg-Ser-Glu-Glu-Glu-Val-Glu is a very poor substrate of casein kinase TS in comparison with the corresponding hexapeptide lacking the N-terminal Arg; it is, however, a competitive inhibitor toward the protein substrates, exhibiting a Ki similar to those of Ser-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu and (Glu)5 which, in turn, are one order of magnitude higher than that of (Glu)10. It is concluded that the minimum structural requirement of type-2 casein kinases consists of a phosphorylatable residue followed by an acidic cluster, whose length is critical for the binding to the enzyme. Additional residues on the N-terminal side are not required, but their nature can influence the transphosphorylation reaction considerably.     

T-cell dysfunction and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E in paracoccidioidomycosis

Various aspects of T and B cell mediated immunity were investigated in 20 well documented cases of active (10) or inactive (10) paracoccidioidomycosis (Pcm), as well as in 8 healthy individuals living in the endemic area of the disease. The results confirm previous reports that active Pcm produces diverse grades of depression of T cell mediated immunity. Such T cell dysfunction is not associated with a reduction in the number of peripheral E rosette-forming cells, and the immunodepression is reversed by chemotherapy. Sera from Pcm (active or inactive) patients have significantly increased levels of total IgE, but the actual proportion of IgE antibodies against P. brasiliensis was very low (0.4–0.6%). The highest levels of total IgE were found in active patients with disease-related immune depression, suggesting that T cell dysfunction might contribute to the excessive IgE production.     

Carotenoids fromCapsicum annuum fruits: Changes during ripening and storage

Contents of individual carotenoids in the fruits of Ramillete cultivar ofCapsicum annuum L. changed during ripening of recently harvested fruits or fruits stored 15 d in a dark and cool room. β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin contents rose to a maximum and then declined, while the contents of other earotenoids rose to a rather steady level. Capsanthin was the main carotenoid which together with capsorubin were responsihle for the ripening colour.     

Distribution and innervation of short, interdigitated muscle fibers in parallel-fibered muscles of the cat hindlimb

The cat hindlimb contains several long, biarticular strap muscles composed of parallel muscle fascicles that attach to short tendons. Three of these muscles--sartorius, tenuissimus, and semitendinosus--were studied by dissecting individual gold-stained fibers and determining the surface distribution of acetylcholinesterase-stained end-plate zones. In each muscle, fascicles were composed of muscle fibers that ran only part of the fascicle length and tapered to end as fine strands that interdigitated with other tapering fibers within the muscle mass. Most muscle fibers measured 2-3 cm in length. Fascicles of muscle fibers were crossed by short transverse bands of endplates (1 mm wide by 1-5 mm long) that were spaced at fairly regular intervals from the origin to the insertion of the muscle. The endplate pattern suggested that the fiber fascicles were organized into multiple longitudinal strips. In the sartorius, the temporospatial distribution of electromyographic (EMG) activity evoked by stimulating fine, longitudinal branches of the parent nerve confirmed that each strip was selectively innervated by a small subset of the motor axons. These axons appeared to distribute their endings throughout the entire length of the fascicles, providing for synchronous activation of their in-series fibers.     

Fine needle aspiration cytology of neoplasms metastatic to the breast

The fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic findings in 18 cases of metastatic neoplasms of the breast are reported. The cases were encountered in a combined series of 2,529 FNA breast biopsies, of which 666 were malignant; the metastatic neoplasms of the breast thus constituted 2.7% of all the malignant breast tumors. The series consists of 15 women and 3 men, with a mean age of 48 years (range of 11 to 73 years). Sixteen biopsies confirmed metastatic malignancy in patients with known extramammary primaries; the prebiopsy clinical diagnoses in six of the patients were benign breast lesions. In eight patients, the clinical differential diagnosis was either a benign or malignant primary breast lesion versus a metastatic malignancy. In two additional patients, the FNA biopsy identified metastatic neoplasms from unsuspected extramammary primaries. The metastatic neoplasms included three small-cell carcinomas of the lung, one squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung, two malignant melanomas, three ovarian malignancies, including a dysgerminoma, and one each of carcinoma of the fallopian tube, endometrial carcinoma, transitional-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, prostatic carcinoma, acute granulocytic leukemia, lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, hepatoma and neuroblastoma of the retroperitoneum. Recognition of unusual cytologic patterns raised the suspicion of, or confirmed the diagnosis of, malignancy in all cases, with no false-negative diagnoses. None of the cases were cytologically interpreted as a primary breast malignancy. Ancillary studies performed on the FNA material, including immunocytochemistry, contributed to a definitive diagnosis in three cases. FNA diagnosis of metastatic malignancy of the breast is essential in order to avoid unnecessary mastectomy and to ensure appropriate chemotherapy and/or irradiation treatment.